What is Graves' disease?

Graves' disease is characterized as an autoimmune disorder that results in the over-production of thyroid hormones, which can lead to a condition known as hyperthyroidism. In this disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce excessive amounts of hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4). This overproduction can result in a variety of symptoms, including weight loss, increased heart rate, sweating, and nervousness, among others.

The condition can further cause an enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) and may also lead to specific eye issues known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which can manifest as bulging eyes or other vision problems. It is important to differentiate this disease from other thyroid conditions, such as those that involve under-production of hormones or benign tumors, as they present different physiological challenges and treatment approaches.